Plenary Talks

Title: Less is More: Extreme Optics with Zero Refractive Index (少即多：零折射率极端光学)

Dr. Eric Mazur Harvard University(哈佛大学应用物理学院教授，院长) Balkanski Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Harvard University and Area Dean of Applied Physics

Abstract: Nanotechnology has enabled the development of nanostructured composite materials (metamaterials) with exotic optical properties not found in nature. In the most extreme case, we can create materials which support light waves that propagate with infinite phase velocity, corresponding to a refractive index of zero. This zero index can only be achieved by simultaneously controlling the electric and magnetic resonances of the nanostructure. We present an in-plane metamaterial design consisting of silicon pillar arrays, embedded within a polymer matrix and sandwiched between gold layers. Using an integrated nano-scale prism constructed of the proposed material, we demonstrate unambiguously a refractive index of zero in the optical regime. This design serves as a novel on-chip platform to explore the exotic physics of zero-index metamaterials, with applications to super-coupling, integrated quantum optics, and phase matching.

Principal Author’s Biography: Eric Mazur is the Balkanski Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Harvard University and Area Dean of Applied Physics. An internationally recognized scientist and researcher, he leads a vigorous research program in optical physics and supervises one of the largest research groups in the Physics Department at Harvard University. Mazur founded several companies and plays an active role in industry. He is the Vice President of the Optical Society. Dr. Mazur has served on numerous committees and councils, including advisory and visiting committees for the National Science Foundation, and has chaired and organized national and international scientific conferences. He serves as consultant to industry in the electronics and telecommunications industry. Dr. Mazur is author or co-author of 308 scientific publications, 36 patents, and several books, including the Principles and Practice of Physics (Pearson, 2014), a book that presents a groundbreaking new approach to teaching introductory calculus-based physics. Mazur is a sought-after speaker on optics and on education.

Title: Large Optical Telescopes in the Era of Large Wide-field Survey(进入大视场纪元的大型天文望远镜)

Dr. David R. Silva Director, National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) (美国国立光学天文台台长)

Abstract: Since Galileo, building optical telescopes with more and more collecting area has been a high priority for astronomers, in order to investigate fainter and fainter astronomical phenomena in the local and distant Universe. But this is the era of large wide-field surveys, when astronomers are creating rich, complex, multi-wavelength maps of the current Universe as well as how it existed in deep time. Many of these maps have time-domain components, with time resolutions of minutes to years. What scientific roles do current and future large optical telescopes play in this era of large wide-field surveys? This presentation will discuss some possible answers to that question, after a concise summary of current and planned wide-field surveys and their scientific motivations and outcomes.

Principal Author’s Biography: Dr. David R. Silva (BSc, Arizona, 1984; PhD, Michigan, 1991) has been Director of the National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) since 2008. NOAO is the U.S. national center for ground-based optical and infrared (OIR) astronomy, sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA). Earlier in his career, Silva worked for the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) project where he held various senior academic and management positions. Currently, Silva participates in governance councils for the Gemini Observatory, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, and the Thirty Meter Telescope International Observatory. His main astrophysical research interests are extragalactic stellar populations, the formation and evolution of early-type galaxies, and the host stars of exoplanets. His main areas of technical expertise are observatory operations and management, astronomical data processing, and end-to-end data management systems for astronomical observatories. He has authored or co-authored many papers in leading scientific research and technical journals.

Title: The European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) Revolution is under construction(欧洲南方天文台极大型天文 望远镜—革命在进行中)

Dr. Marc Cayrel European Southern Observatory (ESO) Project Manager, E-ELT Optomechanics (欧南台极大望远镜光机总 体项目主任)

Abstract: The European Extremely Large Telescope, this giant new ground-based telescope, will have a 39-metre main mirror and will be the largest optical/near-infrared telescope in the world: “the world’s biggest eye on the sky”. The E-ELT programme was approved in 2012 and green light for construction was given at the end of 2014, first light being targeted for 2024. Construction is now a reality. From the site preparation to the erection of the telescope structures and installation of the complex optical systems and controls, this talk gives an overview of the E-ELT Programme, its status, and the future activities. The E-ELT is revolutionary in many aspects, in particular regarding its optical design and optical systems. They require the design, fabrication, assembly and test of large, complex, challenging, but robust optics. Many of them will be a ‘world premiere’. Some of them are already being built, the others will soon be contracted. This talk will focus on those E-ELT Optical systems, present their characteristics and design, and give a view of the required developments until their installation and commissioning into the telescope. Marc CAYREL joined the European Southern Observatory in December 2007 as a member of the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT) Project Office. He is Project Manager for the E-ELT Optomechanics.

Principal Author’s Biography: Marc CAYREL is Senior Optomechanical Engineer, has a background from 15 years experience at REOSC (SAGEM Defense Securite, SAFRAN Group, France), a company specialized in high performance optical systems for space, astronomy, energy, industry, and science. At REOSC, Marc CAYREL has been the project manager for the manufacturing of the ESO four 8-m monolithic active mirrors for the ESO Very Large Telescope (VLT), the two 8-m monolithic active mirrors for GEMINI observatory, the 11-m segmented mirror for the Gran Telescopio Canarias. He also managed the design and manufacturing of the Beryllium Secondary Mirrors for the VLT, as well as many other projects for Space, Science, and Industry. Marc CAYREL also managed the REOSC’s development of Optical Manufacturing and Testing Processes, the R&D unit, and finally headed the company as General Manager. Before joining ESO, he has been the Deputy Technical Director and Deputy Manager of the Center of Excellence for Optomechanics of SAGEM Defense Securite. Marc CAYREL is Dipl.-Ing from Ecole Superieure d’Arts et Metiers, France. Marc CAYREL is giving courses on Optics Manufacturing, and Optomechanics for the Institut d’Optique Graduate School (France).

Title: Ultra-precision Lens Fabrication via Moulding: Advances and Challenges(超精密透镜模压制造：前瞻和挑战)

Dr. Liangchi ZHANG (章亮炽) Scientia Professor Head of Lab for Precision and Nano Processing Technologies, Fellow of Australian Academy of Technological Science and Engineering (澳大利亚工程院院士，澳大利亚新南威尔士大学精密仪器 与纳米加工技术实验室主任，新南威尔士大学学科卓越教授)

Abstract: Using a machining process to make an optical glass component with complex features is costly and time consuming. Precision glass moulding (PGM) has thus been developed to realise an efficient production of aspherical lenses or even irregular optical components in a single step. However, PGM has faced various technical challenges. For example, a PGM process must be carried out within the glass transition region of optical glass above its glass transition temperature, in which the material has an unstable non-equilibrium structure. Within a narrow temperature variation window of 100 °C, glass viscosity can change from 105 Pa•s to 1,012 Pa•s, closely related to the kinetic fragility of the supercooled liquid. This makes a manufacturing process sensitive to the moulding temperature. In addition, because of the structural relaxation in this temperature window, the atomic structure that governs the material properties is strongly dependent on the time and thermal history. Such complexity often leads to shape distortion and residual stresses in a lens moulded, causing unpredictable density and refractive index of a lens moulded. This presentation will describe the thermoforming mechanism of glass lens in PGM, and propose an optimization method for the manufacture of ultra-precision optical lenses by thermal moulding.

Principal Author’s Biography: Liangchi Zhang is Scientia Professor, Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Head of Laboratory for Precision & Nano Processing Technologies, UNSW Australia, and Director of UNSW-XJTU Joint Laboratory for Nano-manufacturing and Measurement Technologies. He has also been an Australian Professorial Fellow. Prof Zhang received his BSc (1982) and MEng (1985) from Zhejiang University, and his PhD (1988) from Peking University China. He was awarded a higher doctorate degree, Doctor of Engineering (DEng), by the University of Sydney Australia in 2005. In 2006, he was elected the Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering. Prior to UNSW Australia, he has worked in the University of Cambridge, National Mechanical Engineering Laboratory Japan and University of Sydney; and has been the Director of Graduate School of Engineering and Associate Dean of Engineering at the University of Sydney. Prof Zhang’s research emphasizes both fundamentals and applications, and his work has been well received, reflected by the high citations to his publications and by the many academic awards that he has received, including the “B-HERT Award for Best Research and Development Collaboration” and “UNSW Inventor of the Year 2011”. He has 7 patents, 6 monographs and more than 450 technical papers. He has been the editor and editorial board member of many international journals. He is currently carrying out research in the interdisciplinary area of precision/nano manufacturing, solid mechanics and characterisation of advanced materials.

Title: Advancing Ultra Precision Machining to High Performance(高性能先进超精机床技术)

Dr.-Ing. Oltmann Riemer University of Bremen (德国不来梅大学精密机床实验室主任) Head of the Laboratory for Precision Machining co-ordinating and administrating the entire R&D work of LFM

Abstract: In contrast to conventional machining in ultra precision machining all manufacturing operations are very time-consuming and therefore costly. This is getting even more obvious when complex surfaces like free form surfaces or micro-structured surfaces are produced, machining times increase extremely and significant costs come into play. At the first glance this seems to originate from the principal design of the inevitable ultra precision machine components and the dictate of the cutting tools applied, i.e. mono crystalline diamond tools. A closer look at the factors ruling in ultra precision machining reveals that the major downsides can be found within the comparably low material removal rates and the insufficient application of automation techniques. This paper discusses approaches to overcome these drawbacks and advance ultra precision machining to high performance ultra precision machining. Key Words: ultra precision machining, high performance cutting

Principal Author’s Biography: Dr.-Ing. Oltmann Riemer graduated in 1992 in Mechanical Engineering from the Technical University Braunschweig. Since 1993 he is working as a research engineer and teaching assistant at the Laboratory for Precision Machining LFM at the University of Bremen. He received his Dr.-Ing. degeree at Bremen University in 2001. The focus of his research work is in the area of ultraprecison and micro machining processes, i.e. specifically diamond turning and milling processes, cutting mechanics, micro machining technologies, and micro-topography characterisation. He has published more than 170 scientific papers. From 2001 to 2004 he was co-ordinating as a general manager the Transregional Collaborative Research Center „Process Chains for the Replication of Complex Optical Elements“, a joint research programme between the University of Bremen, the Technical University at Aachen in Germany and Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, OK USA. Since 2005 he is the responsible head of the Laboratory for Precision Machining co-ordinating and administrating the entire R&D work of LFM. He has experience from managing a number of national and international projects, at the same time being principal investigator for various national and European funded projects. He is teaching courses on Precision Manufacturing for graduate students and he has held tutorials on Ultra Precision Manufacturing Processes at several euspen and ASPE conferences. Dr. Riemer is member of euspen (European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology) since 2004 and council member of euspen since 2011. He is a corporate member of CIRP (The International Academy for Production Engineering) since 2010; and a fellow of the International Society for Nanomanufacturing (ISNM) since 2012.

Title: Micro/nano Optics for Flexible Functional Devices: Today and Future(微纳光学与柔性电子材料(器件):现状与展望)

Dr. Linsen CHEN (陈林森) Soochow University Chief of National United Engineering Research Center of Digital Optical Imaging and Display, and Director of Holography & Optical Information Processing Committee of Chinese Optical Society (数码激光成像显示国家地方联合工程研究中心主任，中国光学 学会全息与光信息处理专委会主任)

Abstract: The development of highly functional films and devices with micro/nano-structures plays a significant role in accelerating the application progress of flexible devices. Design and fabrication of novel films and devices with specific functional micro/nano-structure has become a popular trend in industry. But the processes and technologies for flexible electronics devices still have to be improved. Nanoscale feature size and high performance compatible with large format and cost-effective are two key challenges for flexible electronics devices. One issue is the huge data processing, transferring and patterning for large format nano-structure devices. For example, a 6 inch format nano-device with 100nm feature size will have more than 2Tbit data capacity. Different from silicone-based devices, the new technologies must be exploited for flexible substrates, including roll-to-roll nano-manufacturing instead of wafer-to-wafer patterning. This topic will give an introduction to high rate micro/nano-patterning and approaches and systems for the highly functional films and devices. The novel transparent conductive films with micro-metal mesh structures for large format projected capacitive touch panels and multi-directional backlight for glasses-free 3D display have been investigated based on micro/nano optics. The transparent conductive films of 55 inch low sheet resistance, and directional backlight with 64 viewpoints have been shown and discussed.

Principal Author’s Biography: Chen Linsen, born in 1961, graduated from Soochow University in 1982 and was visiting scholar of Carnegie-Mellon University in 1996-1997. He became a professor in Soochow University since 1998. He is chief of national united engineering research center of digital optical imaging and display, and the director of Holography & Optical Information Processing Committee of Optical Society of China. He has been engaged in holography, micro-nano manufacturing, nano-patterning systems and functional devices for more than 25 years. He was co-founder and president of SVG Optronics in 2001, who is a stock company in ShenZhen Stock Exchanges of china. He established the Flexible Nanotechnology Platform for merging optics and nanotechnology to promote commercial uses. His research achievements have been applied Chinese identification and driver-license cards, large size flexible touch sensors for touch panels, ultra-thin light guide films for Surface Pro4’s keyboard and nano-structure printing for 3D printing industries widely. Due to his contributions to innovation on micro-nano-patterning, the roll-to-roll nano-imprinting technology and the industrial applications, he earned the National S&T Awards(2ndgrad) by Chinese central government in 2001 and 2011, the Innovation Awards for Excellent Chinese Patent in 2010, 2012 and 2015 by SIPO & WIPO, and won the Distinguished Award of Suzhou and Jiangsu in 2008 and 2011, respectively.

Title: New Angles on Angle Metrology: Approaching Fundamental Limits(角度测量的新角度：趋近基本测量极限的新方 法)

Dr. Ralf D. Geckeler Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany Head of Length and Angle Graduations Group (德国联邦物理技术 研究院长度暨角度梯度计量室主任)

Abstract: Precision angle measurement is an important enabling technology with wide-ranging scientific and industrial applications in, e.g., precision engineering, optics, beamline metrology, aerospace, geodesy, and astronomy. Its impressive progress spans at least 3000 years during which it has been improved by approximately six orders of magnitude. Techniques such as circle division and the use of ring lasers involve fundamental physical properties of nature such as discrete and continuous rotational symmetries and challenging approaches to harness them. Angle metrology therefore offers a multitude of facets which are of interest to the metrological community in general. This talk aims at presenting a wide range of topics in angle metrology, from fundamental questions which provide context and understanding of basic principles to recent applications in precision engineering. It aims to highlight the progress made in approaching fundamental limits in angle measurement as well as the challenges ahead. With regards to applications, two topics will be presented in more detail. Both are central to harnessing the potential of angle metrology and to approaching fundamental metrological limits. One is the challenge of realizing, maintaining, and disseminating the SI unit of the plane angle at national metrology institutes. The focus will be on the use of angle encoders and methods of realizing angles which are based on the subdivision of the full circle and which make use of circle closure. The full circle therefore represents the fundamental, error-free angular standard. Its division has always been an essential method of realizing the angular scale by means of different cross- and self-calibration methods. The other topic which will be highlighted is the precision form measurement of optical surfaces by a new generation of angle-based (deflectometric) surface profilometers. For the contactless measurement of the local surface slope, commercial high-resolution autocollimators are used which are capable of providing precise and traceable angle metrology for this purpose. Deflectometric profilometry has turned out to be especially capable of accurately measuring beam-shaping optical surfaces for applications in next generation synchrotron beamlines and Free Electron Lasers (FEL).

Principal Author’s Biography: Dr. Ralf D. Geckeler received his PhD from the Eberhard-Karls University, Tübingen, Germany. He heads the Length and Angle Graduations Group at PTB, the national metrology institute of Germany. His research focuses on angle measuring devices, such as autocollimators and angle encoders, in international collaboration with industry and research institutes. Current topics include the improvement of autocollimator performance and calibration, the advancement of angle metrology for the characterisation of beamline optics at synchrotron and FEL facilities worldwide, and the development of novel methods and advanced mathematical algorithms for the calibration of angle measuring devices.

Title: Functional Photonic Nanostructures：From Thin Films and Slits to Catenaries(功能性光子学纳米结构：从薄膜、 狭缝到链状网)

Dr. Xiangang LUO (罗先刚) Vice President of Institute of Optics and Electronics, CAS Director of State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies for Nano-Fabrication and Micro-Engineering(中国科学院光电技术研究 所副所长, 微细加工光学技术国家重点实验室主任)

Abstract: Nano-structured materials have shown their superior properties when integrated in optical systems. Besides the relatively mature technologies such as anti-reflection or optical filter based on thin dielectric films, recent years have witnessed the rapid development of the metallic thin films and nanostructures, partly because the rise of plasmonics- the study of the interaction between electromagnetic field and free electrons in a metal. In this talk I would like to give a concise discussion of the novel nanostructures investigated by my groups. Firstly, I would like to give some time to the thin metallic films. Different from their dielectric counterparts, the metallic films possess many exotic electromagnetic properties, which make them a promising candidate to revise the traditional optics. On the one hand, it has been shown that the surface plasmons excited on the two sides of a metallic thin film can couple together and lead to a dramatical reduction of the effective wavelength [1]. This extremely short-wavelength property enables such films to be used in super-resolution imaging and sub-diffraction lithography. On the other hand, we have shown that a thin metallic film with thickness down to 0.3 nm can be used to absorb virtually all the electromagnetic energy, when some coherent condition is met [2]. This ultrathin and broadband absorber can be regarded as a big step towards the realization of the true blackbody absorber introduced by Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860. As the propagation constant of the surface plasmon wave is dependent on the thickness of the metallic film, films with different thickness can be used as optical delay lines to shape the wavefronts of light beams and route the light signals to desired locations. Based on the Babinet’s principle, we show that the Babinet-inverted films, i.e., the nanoslits perforated in metallic screen, could serve as a flat lens with negligible spherical aberrations [3]. Furthermore, we revealed that there are two different mechanisms in nanoslits to mold the phase of light. Besides the plasmonic phase delay, an additional rotate of the nanoslits would introduce a geometric phase, which is mainly determined by the rotation angle and the helicity of the illuminating light. A recent demonstration of the two physical problems in a natural catenary structure will also be discussed [4]. Owing to the continuous structures and specific geometry, the optical catenaries can operate in an ultra-broadband spectrum, which is beyond the capability of previous structures.

Principal Author’s Biography: Xiangang Luo is the Professor at The Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Director of State Key Lab of Optical Technologies on Nanofabrication and Micro-engineering. Professor Luo received Ph.D from Chinese Academy of Sciences (2001). Professor Luo’s current research focused on micro-nano-optics, subwavelength optics. He has published more than 200 technical papers and 100 patents in optics related fields. He has been a Program Leader and Chief Scientist of the National Key Basic Research and Development Program.